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                    <text>Веществата и техните свойства
Проверете наученото, като решите следните задачи.
1. Посочете къде са записани само чисти вещества.
а) въздух, кислород, морска вода
б) желязо, цимент, лекарства
в) сяра, азот, захар
г) стомана, акварелни бои, серен диоксид
2. Неизвестно твърдо вещество има сребристосив цвят и блясък.
Може да се кове. Топлопроводимо и електропроводимо е. Има магнитни свойства. Топи се и кипи при много висока температура
(Ттопене = 1538°C, а Ткипене = 2750°C). Кое е веществото? При необходимост използвайте таблица 1 на стр. 65.
3. Посочете къде са записани само нееднородни смеси.
а) вода и спирт, захарен сироп, почва
б) вода и глина, желязо и сяра, мъгла
в) йод и спирт, въздух, вода и олио
г) вода и пясък, морска вода, въздух
4. За приготвяне на билков чай четирима души използват различни количества вода и захар. Определете кой чай е най-сладък.
а) 200 грама вода и 5 грама захар
б) 200 грама вода и 10 грама захар
в) 200 грама вода и 15 грама захар
г) 400 грама вода и 5 грама захар

5. Смесени са вода, захар и пясък. Коя последователност от методи ще
използвате за разделяне на веществата?
а) 1. филтруване; 2. пресяване
б) 1. утаяване; 2. филтруване; 3. разтваряне
в) 1. филтруване; 2. изпарение и кристализация
г) 1. разтваряне; 2. изпарение и кристализация
6. Чугунът е сплав на желязото с въглерода. Определете свойство, от
което зависи използването на чугуна за изработване на отоплителни
печки и радиатори?
а) има магнитни свойства
б) обработва се с режещи инструменти
в) провежда топлина
г) има метален блясък

1

�7. Коя съставна част на въздуха е безцветен газ, разтворим във вода,
който поддържа дишането и горенето?
а) азотът
б) водните пари
в) въглеродният диоксид
г) кислородът
8. Къде са записани само замърсители на въздуха.
а) кислород, серен диоксид
б) сажди, аргон
в) водни пари, азотни оксиди
г) сажди, серен диоксид
9. Кое явление оказва най-голямо влияние
върху разрушаването на мраморните статуи?
а) голямата скорост на вятъра
б) киселинните дъждове
в) парниковият ефект
г) валежите от сняг
10. Как ще превърнете наситен воден разтвор в ненаситен?
а) чрез прибавяне на разтворимо вещество
б) чрез прибавяне на вода
в) чрез филтруване на разтвора
г) чрез изпарение на част от водата
11. Коя последователност от действия се използва за пречистване на питейната вода? При отговора си използвайте фиг. 2 на стр. 107 и обясненията към нея.
а) 1. хлориране; 2. утаяване; 3. филтруване
б) 1. утаяване; 2. хлориране; 3. филтруване
в) 1. утаяване; 2. филтруване; 3. хлориране
г) 1. филтруване; 2. утаяване; 3. хлориране

2

�12. Приготвени са четири водни разтвора на меден сулфат при 60°C.
При охлаждането до 25°C на кой от тях ще се получат 16 грама кристали? При отговора си използвайте фиг. 1 на стр. 101 и обясненията
към нея.
а) 51 грама меден сулфат в 100 милилитра вода
б) 38 грама меден сулфат в 100 милилитра вода
в) 62 грама меден сулфат в 100 милилитра вода
г) 46 грама меден сулфат в 100 милилитра вода
51 грама
меден
сулфат

60°C

38 грама
меден
сулфат

60°C

62 грама
меден
сулфат

60°C

46 грама
меден
сулфат

60°C

13. Посочете по три ползи за околната среда от:
а) пестенето на електроенергия
1. ............................................................................................................................
2. ............................................................................................................................
3. ............................................................................................................................
б) рециклирането на отпадъци
1. ............................................................................................................................
2. ............................................................................................................................
3. ............................................................................................................................
14. Три цилиндъра са пълни с безцветни газове. В единия се намира кислород, във втория въглероден диоксид, а в третия азот. Предложете
опити, чрез които можете да докажете в кой цилиндър какъв газ се
намира. Обяснете предложенията си.
Кислородът ще се открие с ................................, защото .................................
.................................................................................................................................
Въглеродният диоксид ще се открие .................................................................
............................................................................................................................
Азотът ще се открие ............................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
5 верни отговора.
Мога много повече.
Ще потърся помощ от
учителя си.

По-малко от 10 верни
отговора. Добра работа,
но мога и повече.
Ще уча още.

Над 10 верни отговора.
Отлична работа.
Мога да помогна на
някого от класа.

3

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                    <text>Хранене, дишане и отделяне на многоклетъчните организми
Проверете наученото, като решите следните задачи.
1. Какво е необходимо за храненето на растенията
и какво – за храненето на животните?
а) вода
б) минерални соли
в) светлина
г) белтъци, въглехидрати, мазнини
д) въглероден диоксид

2. В кои части на растенията се извършва процесът дишане и в кои –
процесът фотосинтеза?
а) корени
б) зелени стъбла
в) кора на дървета
г) листа
д) семена
е) плодове
ж) цветове

3. Правилно ли са групирани животните според дихателните им органи? Посочете допуснатите грешки.
а) Животни, които дишат с повърхността на тялото: попова лъжичка,
медуза, дъждовен червей.
б) Животни, които дишат с трахеи: скакалец, бръмбар, охлюв.
в) Животни, които дишат с хриле: речен рак, кит, пъстърва.
г) Животни, които дишат с бели дробове: крокодил, лъв, паун.
4. Назовете дихателните и отделителните органи на посочените организми.

1

�5. Наблюдавайте схематичната рисунка. Разпознайте и назовете органите на:
а) храносмилателната система
б) дихателната система
в) отделителната система
4

3

2

1

2

1

5

2

3

1

2

1

3

6. Какво е значението на кръвта за извършване на процесите
хранене, дишане и отделяне? В кой от номерираните органи:
а) кръвта се освобождава от въглеродния диоксид и се обогатява с
кислород
б) кръвта „се зарежда“ с хранителни вещества
в) кръвта се освобождава от вредни и непотребни вещества

7. Наблюдавайте следните фигури. Предложете заглавия на плакатите.

8. Разгледайте таблицата. Как се променя максималното количество
разтворен във водата кислород при повишаване на температурата
на водата? Защо в най-големите горещини се наблюдават мъртви
риби на повърхността на водоемите?
Температура на водата °С

0°С

5°С

11°С

Максимално количество
разтворен във водата кислород (в cm3 на литър)

110

99

88

115°С
77

220°С
66,5

225°С
66

330°С
55,5

2

�9. Наесен птиците и бозайниците натрупват подкожни мазнини. Заедно
със сгъстената перушина и козина те предпазват животните от студа
през зимата. Част от натрупаните резервни мазнини се разграждат.
Какво осигуряват те на организма?
10. При бозайниците, които спят зимен сън – мечки, лалугери, сънливци и др., температурата на тялото се понижава, ударите на сърцето
намаляват от стотина до 3 – 5 в минута, нуждата от кислород също
намалява, а дихателните движения се забавят до 2 – 3 в минута. Защо
настъпват тези промени?

11. Разграничете верните от неверните твърдения, като отговорите с ДА
или НЕ.
а) Животните винаги са на първо място в хранителните вериги.
б) Всички бозайници дишат с бели дробове.
в) Голямата повърхност на кътниците служи за стриване на храната.
г) Храносмилането включва процеси на преработка на храната.
д) Хранопроводът провежда храната от стомаха към червото.
е) Слюнчените жлези, черният дроб и задстомашната жлеза образуват храносмилателни сокове.
ж) При дишането си растенията отделят кислород.
12. Направете твърденията верни, като изберете по един от изразите,
предложени в скобите.
а) Храносмилането започва с (механично раздробяване/химично разграждане) на храната.
б) Растенията дишат (само през нощта/денонощно).
в) Най-сложно устроена е отделителната система на (влечугите/бозайниците).

3

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Проверете наученото, като решите следните задачи.
1. В кой орган полезните вещества от смляната храна преминават в кръвта?
а) уста б) хранопровод в) стомах г) тънко черво д) дебело черво
2. Поставете в квадратчетата първите букви на думите, които отговарят на
определенията. При правилно решаване ще получите храносмилателния
орган с най-голяма дължина.

1. голяма храносмилателна жлеза
2. орган в устната кухина
3. зъби, с помощта на които храната се отхапва
4. хранителни вещества, които се разграждат най-лесно и доставят най-бързо енергия на тялото
5. основен жизнен процес, чрез който от тялото се изхвърлят непотребните
и вредните вещества
3. Наблюдавайте таблицата. Данните в нея са за 100 g от представените плодове и зеленчуци и показват:
а) колко грама белтъци, мазнини и въглехидрати има в тях
б) колко калории ни доставят
в) колко милиграма витамин С и калций* съдържат
* Калцият е необходим за костите и зъбите ни.

Състав на някои плодове и зеленчуци

Продукти
(100 g)
Домати
Картофи
Лук
Моркови
Царевица
Тиква
Банани
Ябълки
Портокали

Белтъци
(g)
0,88
2,02
1,10
0,93
3,27
1,00
1,09
0,26
0,94

Мазнини
(g)
0,20
0.09
0,10
0,24
1,35
0,10
0,33
0,17
0,12

Въглехидрати
(g)
3,89
17,47
9,34
9,58
18,70
6,50
22,84
13,81
11,75

Енергия
(калории)
18
77
40
41
86
26
89
52
47

Витамин С
(mg)
13,7
19, 7
7,4
5,9
6,8
9,0
8,7
4,6
53,2

Калций
(mg)
10
12
23
33
2
21
5
6
40

1

�3а. Отговорете на въпросите.
– Кой продукт съдържа най-много белтъци?
– Кой продукт съдържа най-малко мазнини?
– Кой плод съдържа най-много въглехидрати?
– Кой продукт може да ни осигури най-много енергия?
– Кой от плодовете и кой от зеленчуците има най-много витамин С?
3б. Избройте плодовете и зеленчуците в последователност, която отразява
намаляването на калция в тях.
4. Защо ескимосите и други народи, които живеят при студен климат, консумират много храни, богати на мазнини?
5. В кой орган се извършва обмяната на кислород и въглероден диоксид?
а) нос
б) гръклян
в) трахея
г) бели дробове
6. Разгледайте таблицата и анализирайте данните в нея. Числата показват какви количества кислород, въглероден диоксид и глюкоза* има в 100 mL кръв
преди и след преминаването Ӝ през активно работещ мускул.
* глюкоза – въглехидрат, който е храна за клетките
100 mL кръв
Кислород
Въглероден диоксид
Глюкоза

Преди преминаването
през работещ мускул
21 mL
45 mL
90 mL

След преминаването през
работещ мускул
5 mL
60 mL
81 mL

Как се променят количествата на двата газа и на глюкозата след преминаването на кръвта през работещия мускул? Защо? Какви процеси извършват мускулните клетки?
7. Прочетете текста и предложете подходящите думи за местата с многоточия.
Дишането може да се сравни с горенето. При горенето в двигателя на автомобила бензинът изгаря благодарение на кислорода във въздуха и се получава
енергия за движението на колата. По сходен начин в организмите храната „изгаря“ благодарение на приетия … и това осигурява … на всички клетки.
8. Избройте в правилна последователност отделителните органи на човека. В
кой от тях се образува урината?
а) пикочен канал
б) бъбреци
в) пикочен мехур
г) пикочопроводи
9. Направете твърденията верни, като изберете по един от изразите, предложени в скобите.
а) Развалените нелекувани зъби (могат/не могат) да нарушат дейността
на бъбреците.
б) Слънчевите бани между 12 и 15 часà (не са опасни/трябва да се избягват).
в) При лоша хигиена микроби (могат/не могат) да предизвикат възпаление на пикочния мехур.
г) Дебелото черво е орган на (храносмилателната/отделителната) система.

2

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                    <text>След като прочетете писмото на Джоузеф Пристли до неговия приятел
Бенджамин Франклин, отговорете на следния въпрос: „Какво е имал предвид
Пристли под използван въздух и растенията връщат свежестта на
въздуха?“

Лондон, 1 юли 1772 година
Напълно съм убеден, че въздухът, който става вреден, когато го издишваме,
може да бъде възстановен от растенията. Събрах използван въздух в контейнер
и херметически запечатах този контейнер. Седем дни по-късно пуснах една
мишка в същия този контейнер. В друг контейнер със също такъв използван
въздух поставих едно растение. Седем дни по-късно пуснах една мишка в
контейнера, в който беше растението. Мишката, която беше в контейнера без
растение, умря след 5 секунди. Мишката, пусната в контейнера с растението,
живя щастливо в контейнера много минути. След това извадих мишката и я
пуснах в другия контейнер, в който нямаше растения. Горката мишка, която се
чувстваше така добре в контейнера с растението, трябваше да бъде извадена и
възвърната към живот, след като прекара една-две секунди в контейнера, в
който нямаше растения. Този експеримент ни показва, че растенията могат да
възвръщат свежестта на въздуха.

Сърдечни поздрави,
Джоузеф Пристли

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